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Netaji refused to let the Japanese bomb Calcutta. In 1944, as the Indian National Army (INA)—a military force raised by Subhas Chandra Bose to fight British rule, advanced through Burma, the Japanese proposed an aerial bombing of Calcutta. At the time, India was still part of

How 100,000 British led allied troops surrendered to 30,000 Japanese in Singapore, 1942. In early 1942, Singapore was considered one of the strongest British military bases in Asia. The defenders, numbering approximately 100,000 British, Indian, Australian, and Malay troops,

Before modern identity politics, Urdu poets were already scripting desire between women. In 18th and 19th century Lucknow, male poets wrote in the voices of women, describing same-sex love between women in vivid, sometimes explicit, detail. This genre of Urdu poetry was called

What did ‘national unity’ mean in a country as socially and regionally fragmented as India? For Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, it was a political objective,defined not through shared culture, but through organisational discipline and administrative consolidation. As historian Rani

What was Vallabhbhai Patel's profession before joining politics?

Which portfolio did Vallabhbhai Patel hold in independent India's first cabinet?

Read an exclusive excerpt from the book Vallabhbhai Patel: The Limitations of Anti-Colonial Nationalism and Electoral Politics by Orient BlackSwan where historian Rani Dhavan Shankardass analyses the romanticised narrative of Indian nationalism, taking Vallabhbhai Patel's

How did a businessman become Mughal India’s most controversial heretic? Executed in 1661 on Aurangzeb’s orders, Sarmad Kashani was a Jewish-Armenian mystic whose life and death unsettled the political and religious orthodoxy of Mughal India. He arrived in the subcontinent from

What happens when an outsider state tries to measure caste across India? In their 2012 paper Caste Confusion and Census Enumeration in Colonial India, Kevin Walby and Michael Haan examine how the British colonial state tried and repeatedly failed to enumerate caste across India.

Here's a weekend quiz for you- Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata as a four-armed goddess holding a book, sheaves of rice, cloth, and a garland.

When Bombay’s poets went up against the publishing powerhouses and printed themselves. In 1976, four poets in Bombay established their own publishing collective in the absence of institutional support for non-canonical Indian poetry in English. Clearing House was formed by Arun

Which book is the following quote from? "The king shall provide the orphans, (bála), the aged, the infirm, the afflicted, and the helpless with maintenance."

What do a Parsi liquor trader, a Marwari black-market dealer, a group of Muslim butchers, and a sex worker from Madhya Pradesh have in common? All were among the first to claim the Indian Constitution as their own. For decades, it was believed that the Indian Constitution was

In Vijayanagara markets, diamonds were sold in open baskets, and haggling was common.