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In medicine we have been taught to look for “the cause” of illness. But older people with frailty don’t follow the rules. They might not give a history. confusion+low temp is often there to trigger “sepsis”. Many blood tests are abnormal. The dipstick is +ve for everything!

Inouye review on delirium. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC41…

Lancet 2020 report on dementia prevention, intervention and care. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC73…

2204 Update on dementia prevention, intervention and care. thelancet.com/commissions-do…

SIGN guidance on delirium sign.ac.uk/our-guidelines…

Urinary Incontinence and Bladder Dysfunction in Older Persons. ics.org/Publications/I…

BGS CGA in Primary Care Settings: Patients presenting with urinary incontinence. bgs.org.uk/resources/16-c…

DiADEM Tool for diagnosing advanced dementia in care home settings diadem.apperta.org

All of us learning about wider determinants of frailty and how to avoid it if possible in old age. Nice podcast from Linda Fried covering the same topic. whoop.com/sa/en/thelocke…

Everyone wants to know how the Seacroft team do what they do, and how to replicate their success!

Caring for older people with frailty can be a burden but there is often a lot of love involved. “A privilege” said one person

New NICE guidance for falls released in April 2025. nice.org.uk/guidance/ng249

Dr Sutton always gets respect from the audience.

Classic trajectories of illness slide

When Kenneth Rockwood comes to LeedsFrailtyEducation

He’s back Leeds Teaching Hospitals. Grand round Kenneth Rockwood

75 is the age (on average) at which people start to develop so many problems that treating one thing will often be unsuccessful.

Frailty indices don’t work as well in younger people. But over 75 you see a heterogeneity of risk that is defined by their degree of frailty.

It turns out that amyloid plaques might not be the gold standard for diagnosing dementia. At low stages of frailty you are less likely to express dementia with the same burden of plaques than people with higher levels of frailty. (top line is high frailty)

72 hours to get people/keep people moving or their outcomes drastically deteriorate